# ten-vad
**Repository Path**: opensource-release/ten-vad
## Basic Information
- **Project Name**: ten-vad
- **Description**: Voice Activity Detector (VAD) : low-latency, high-performance and lightweight
- **Primary Language**: C
- **License**: Apache-2.0
- **Default Branch**: main
- **Homepage**: https://huggingface.co/TEN-framework/ten-vad
- **GVP Project**: No
## Statistics
- **Stars**: 0
- **Forks**: 0
- **Created**: 2025-12-29
- **Last Updated**: 2025-12-29
## Categories & Tags
**Categories**: Uncategorized
**Tags**: None
## README

[](https://github.com/TEN-framework/ten-vad/releases)
[](https://github.com/TEN-framework/ten-vad/releases)
[](https://github.com/TEN-framework/ten-vad/discussions/)
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[](https://github.com/TEN-framework/ten-vad/issues)

[](https://github.com/TEN-framework/ten-vad/pulls)
[](https://huggingface.co/TEN-framework/ten-vad)
[](https://deepwiki.com/TEN-framework/TEN-vad)
## Latest News π₯
- [2025/11] **WASM** build guide and browser test demo are now available in `lib/Web` and `examples`.
- [2025/11] We supported **Python** inference with **ONNX model** on **Linux**, **macOS** thanks to [Guy Nicholson](https://github.com/guynich)!
- [2025/11] We supported **Golang** on **Linux**, **macOS** and **Windows** with usage of the prebuilt-libs thanks to [hylarucoder](https://github.com/hylarucoder)!
- [2025/11] We supported **Java** on **Linux**, **macOS**, **Windows**, **Android** with usage of the prebuilt-libs thanks to [ZhangYang(arthasking123)](https://github.com/arthasking123)!
- [2025/07] π Exciting news! **TEN VAD** is now **integrated** into [**k2-fsa/sherpa-onnx**](https://github.com/k2-fsa/sherpa-onnx), thanks to the fantastic work by [Fangjun Kuang](https://github.com/csukuangfj)! You can now achieve more precise speech segment extraction and enjoy an enhanced ASR experience! Refer to the [documentation](https://k2-fsa.github.io/sherpa/onnx/vad/ten-vad.html#) and give it a try!
- [2025/07] We supported **Python inference** on **macOS** and **Windows** with usage of the prebuilt-libs!
- [2025/06] We **finally** released and **open-sourced** the **ONNX** model and the corresponding **preprocessing code**! Now you can deploy **TEN VAD** on **any platform** and **any hardware architecture**!
- [2025/06] We are excited to announce the release of **WASM+JS** for Web WASM Support.
## Table of Contents
- [Welcome to TEN](#welcome-to-ten)
- [TEN Hugging Face Space](#ten-hugging-face-space)
- [Introduction](#introduction)
- [Key Features](#key-features)
- [High-Performance](#1-high-performance)
- [Performance Comparison](#11-performance-comparison)
- [Agent-Friendly](#2-agent-friendly)
- [Lightweight](#3-lightweight)
- [Multiple Programming Languages and Platforms](#4-multiple-programming-languages-and-platforms)
- [Supported Sampling Rate and Hop Size](#5-supported-sampling-rate-and-hop-size)
- [Developers Testimonial](#developers-testimonial)
- [Installation](#installation)
- [Quick Start](#quick-start)
- [Python Usage](#python-usage)
- [Linux / macOS / Windows](#1-linux--macos--windows)
- [JS Usage](#js-usage)
- [Java Usage](#java-usage)
- [Go (Golang) Usage](#go-golang-usage)
- [C Usage](#c-usage)
- [Linux](#1-linux)
- [Windows](#2-windows)
- [macOS](#3-macos)
- [Android](#4-android)
- [iOS](#5-ios)
- [TEN Ecosystem](#ten-ecosystem)
- [Ask Questions](#ask-questions)
- [Citations](#citations)
- [License](#license)
## Welcome to TEN
TEN is an open-source framework for conversational voice AI agents.
[TEN Ecosystem](#ten-ecosystem) includes [TEN Framework](https://github.com/ten-framework/ten-framework), [Agent Examples](https://github.com/TEN-framework/ten-framework/tree/main/ai_agents/agents/examples), [VAD](https://github.com/ten-framework/ten-vad), [Turn Detection](https://github.com/ten-framework/ten-turn-detection) and [Portal](https://github.com/ten-framework/portal).
| Community Channel | Purpose |
| ---------------- | ------- |
| [](https://twitter.com/intent/follow?screen_name=TenFramework) | Follow TEN Framework on X for updates and announcements |
| [](https://www.linkedin.com/company/ten-framework) | Follow TEN Framework on LinkedIn for updates and announcements |
| [](https://discord.gg/VnPftUzAMJ) | Join our Discord community to connect with developers |
| [](https://huggingface.co/TEN-framework) | Join our Hugging Face community to explore our spaces and models |
| [](https://github.com/TEN-framework/ten-agent/discussions/170) | Join our WeChat group for Chinese community discussions |
> \[!IMPORTANT]
>
> **Star TEN Repositories** βοΈ
>
> Get instant notifications for new releases and updates. Your support helps us grow and improve TEN!

## TEN Hugging Face Space
You are more than welcome to [Visit TEN Hugging Face Space](https://huggingface.co/spaces/TEN-framework/ten-agent-demo) to try VAD and Turn Detection together.
## **Introduction**
**TEN VAD** is a real-time voice activity detection system designed for enterprise use, providing accurate frame-level speech activity detection. It shows superior precision compared to both WebRTC VAD and Silero VAD, which are commonly used in the industry. Additionally, TEN VAD offers lower computational complexity and reduced memory usage compared to Silero VAD. Meanwhile, the architecture's temporal efficiency enables rapid voice activity detection, significantly reducing end-to-end response and turn detection latency in conversational AI systems.
## **Key Features**
### **1. High-Performance:**
The precision-recall curves comparing the performance of WebRTC VAD (pitch-based), Silero VAD, and TEN VAD are shown below. The evaluation is conducted on the precisely manually annotated testset. The audio files are from librispeech, gigaspeech, DNS Challenge etc. As demonstrated, TEN VAD achieves the best performance. Additionally, cross-validation experiments conducted on large internal real-world datasets demonstrate the reproducibility of these findings. The **testset with annotated labels** is released in directory "testset" of this repository.

Note that the default threshold of 0.5 is used to generate binary speech indicators (0 for non-speech signal, 1 for speech signal). This threshold needs to be tuned according to your domain-specific task.
### **1.1 Performance Comparison**
Developers can reproduce the performance comparison PR curves for **TEN VAD** and **Silero VAD** on the open-source testset (as shown in the figure above) by executing the following script on Linux x64 with a simply one line of code. The output figure will be saved in the same directory as the script.
```
cd ./examples
python plot_pr_curves.py
```
### **2. Agent-Friendly:**
As illustrated in the figure below, TEN VAD rapidly detects speech-to-non-speech transitions, whereas Silero VAD suffers from a delay of several hundred milliseconds, resulting in increased end-to-end latency in human-agent interaction systems. In addition, as demonstrated in the 6.5s-7.0s audio segment, Silero VAD fails to identify short silent durations between adjacent speech segments.

### **3. Lightweight:**
We evaluated the RTF (Real-Time Factor) across five distinct platforms, each equipped with varying CPUs. TEN VAD demonstrates much lower computational complexity and smaller library size than Silero VAD.
| Platform |
CPU |
RTF |
Lib Size |
| TEN VAD |
Silero VAD |
TEN VAD |
Silero VAD |
| Linux |
AMD Ryzen 9 5900X 12-Core |
0.0150 |
/ |
306KB |
2.16MB(JIT) / 2.22MB(ONNX) |
| Intel(R) Xeon(R) Platinum 8253 |
0.0136 |
| Intel(R) Xeon(R) Gold 6348 CPU @ 2.60GHz |
0.0086 |
0.0127 |
| Windows |
Intel i7-10710U |
0.0150 |
/ |
464KB(x86) / 508KB(x64) |
| macOS |
M1 |
0.0160 |
731KB |
| Web |
macOS(M1) |
0.010 |
277KB |
| Android |
Galaxy J6+ (32bit, 425) |
0.0570 |
373KB(v7a) / 532KB(v8a) |
| Oppo A3s (450) |
0.0490 |
| iOS |
iPhone6 (A8) |
0.0210 |
320KB |
| iPhone8 (A11) |
0.0050 |
### **4. Multiple Programming Languages and Platforms:**
TEN VAD provides cross-platform C compatibility across five operating systems (Linux x64, Windows, macOS, Android, iOS), with Python bindings optimized for Linux x64, with wasm for Web.
### **5. Supported Sampling Rate and Hop Size:**
TEN VAD operates on 16kHz audio input with configurable hop sizes (optimized frame configurations: 160/256 samples=10/16ms). Other sampling rates must be resampled to 16kHz.
## **Developers Testimonial**
> *"We selected TEN VAD because it provides faster and more accurate sentence-end detection in Japanese compared to other VADs, while still being lightweight and fast enough for live use."* - LiveCap,Hakase shojo.
> *"TEN VAD's overall performance is better than Silero VAD. Its high accuracy and low resource consumption helped us improve efficiency and significantly reduce costs."* - Rustpbx.
## **Installation**
```
git clone https://github.com/TEN-framework/ten-vad.git
```
## **Quick Start**
The project supports five major platforms with dynamic library linking.
| Platform |
Dynamic Lib |
Supported Arch |
Interface Language |
Header |
Comment
|
| Linux |
libten_vad.so |
x64 |
Python, C, Java, Go |
ten_vad.h ten_vad.py ten_vad.js TenVad.java |
|
| Windows |
ten_vad.dll |
x64, x86 |
C, Java, Go |
|
| macOS |
ten_vad.framework |
arm64, x86_64 |
C, Java, Go |
|
| Web |
ten_vad.wasm |
/ |
JS |
|
| Android |
libten_vad.so |
arm64-v8a, armeabi-v7a |
C, Java |
|
| iOS |
ten_vad.framework |
arm64 |
C |
1. not simulator 2. not iPad |
### **Python Usage**
#### **1. Linux / macOS / Windows**
#### **Requirements**
- numpy (Version 1.17.4/1.26.4 verified)
- scipy (Version >= 1.5.0)
- scikit-learn (Version 1.2.2/1.5.0 verified, for plotting PR curves)
- matplotlib (Version 3.1.3/3.10.0 verified, for plotting PR curves)
- torchaudio (Version 2.2.2 verified, for plotting PR curves)
- Python version 3.8.19/3.10.14 verified
Note: You could use other versions of above packages, but we didn't test other versions.
The **lib** only depend on numpy, you have to install the dependency via requirements.txt:
`pip install -r requirements.txt`
For **running demo or plotting PR curves**, you have to install the dependencies:
`pip install -r ./examples/requirements.txt`
Note that if you did not install **libc++1** (Linux), you have to run the code below to install it:
```
sudo apt update
sudo apt install libc++1
```
#### **Usage (Prebuilt-libs)**
Note: For usage in python, you can either use it by **git clone** or **pip**.
##### **By using git clone:**
1. Clone the repository
```
git clone https://github.com/TEN-framework/ten-vad.git
```
2. Enter examples directory
```
cd ./examples
```
3. Test
```
python test.py s0724-s0730.wav out.txt
```
##### **By using pip:**
1. Install via pip
```
pip install -U --force-reinstall -v git+https://github.com/TEN-framework/ten-vad.git
```
2. Write your own use cases and import the class, the attributes of class TenVAD you can refer to ten_vad.py
```
from ten_vad import TenVad
```
#### **Usage (ONNX model)**
You have to download the **onnxruntime** packages from the [microsoft official onnxruntime github website](https://github.com/microsoft/onnxruntime). Note that the version of onnxruntime must be higher than or equal to 1.17.1 (e.g. onnxruntime-linux-x64-1.17.1.tgz).
You can check the official **ONNX Runtime releases** from [this website](https://github.com/microsoft/onnxruntime/tags). And for example, to download version 1.17.1 (Linux x64), use [this link](https://github.com/microsoft/onnxruntime/releases/download/v1.17.1/onnxruntime-linux-x64-1.17.1.tgz). After extracting the compressed file, you'll find two important directories:`include/` - header files, `lib/` - library files
```
1) cd examples_onnx/python
2) ./build-and-deploy-linux.sh --ort-path /absolute/path/to/your/onnxruntime/root/dir # For Linux. If macOS, run build-and-deploy-macos.sh instead.
```
**Note 1**: If executing the onnx demo from a different directory than the one used when running build-and-deploy-linux.sh, ensure to create a symbolic link to src/onnx_model/ to prevent ONNX model file loading failures.
**Note 2**: The **ONNX model** locates in `src/onnx_model` directory.
**Note 3**: For **macOS**, run **build-and-deploy-macos.sh** instead.
### **JS Usage**
##### **Requirements**
- Node.js (macOS v14.18.2, Linux v16.20.2 verified)
- Terminal
- Browser
##### **Usage**
```
Terminal
1) cd ./examples
2) node test_node.js s0724-s0730.wav out.txt
Browser
1) python3 -m http.server 8000
2) Open browser and navigate to http://localhost:8000/examples/test_browser.html
```
### **Java Usage**
TEN VAD provides comprehensive Java support with JNI (Java Native Interface) bindings for all major platforms.
#### **Requirements**
- Java 8 or higher
- Native libraries in `lib/` directory
- JNI headers
#### **Compilation**
```bash
# Compile Java source, note if JNA library is not installed, you should download it first. For example, you can download JNA library and include it here. You can also export it to the CLASSPATH environment variables
wget https://repo1.maven.org/maven2/net/java/dev/jna/jna/5.13.0/jna-5.13.0.jar # I just picked a random version
javac -encoding UTF-8 -cp jna-5.13.0.jar -d . include/TenVad.java examples/TestTenVad.java
# Run example in the project root directory
java -cp .:jna-5.13.0.jar TestTenVad examples/s0724-s0730.wav examples/out.txt
# Run example in the examples directory
java -cp ..:../jna-5.13.0.jar TestTenVad s0724-s0730.wav out.txt
```
#### **Example Code**
```java
import com.ten.vad.TenVad;
public class VADExample {
public static void main(String[] args) {
// Create VAD instance
TenVad vad = new TenVad(256, 0.5f);
// Process audio frame
short[] audioFrame = new short[256]; // 16ms at 16kHz
// ... fill audioFrame with audio data ...
TenVad.VadResult result = vad.process(audioFrame);
System.out.println("Probability: " + result.getProbability());
System.out.println("Voice detected: " + result.isVoiceDetected());
// Clean up
vad.destroy();
}
}
```
#### **Platform-Specific Notes**
- **Linux**: Requires `libc++1` package
- **Windows**: Ensure Visual C++ Redistributable is installed
- **macOS**: No additional requirements
- **Android**: Use Android NDK for native library integration
#### **API Reference**
```java
public class TenVad {
// Constructor
public TenVad(int hopSize, float threshold)
// Process audio frame
public VadResult process(short[] audioData)
// Get library version
public static String getVersion()
// Cleanup
public void destroy()
}
public static class VadResult {
public float getProbability() // [0.0, 1.0]
public int getFlag() // 0 or 1
public boolean isVoiceDetected() // true if voice detected
}
```
### **Go (Golang) Usage**
TEN VAD provides Golang support for Linux, macOS and Windows.
#### **Usage with compilation**
```
cd examples/go-tenvad
go build -o tenvad .
./tenvad
```
#### **Usage without compilation**
```
cd examples/go-tenvad
export LD_LIBRARY_PATH=../../lib/Linux/x64:$LD_LIBRARY_PATH # For Windows and macOS, export the corresponding lib path instead
go run .
```
### **C Usage**
#### **Build Scripts**
Located in examples/ directory or examples_onnx/ (for **ONNX** usage on Linux):
- Linux: build-and-deploy-linux.sh
- Windows: build-and-deploy-windows.bat
- macOS: build-and-deploy-mac.sh
- Android: build-and-deploy-android.sh
- iOS: build-and-deploy-ios.sh
#### **Dynamic Library Configuration**
Runtime library path configuration:
- Linux/Android: LD_LIBRARY_PATH
- macOS: DYLD_FRAMEWORK_PATH
- Windows: DLL in executable directory or system PATH
#### **Customization**
- Modify platform-specific build scripts
- Adjust CMakeLists.txt
- Configure toolchain and architecture settings
#### **Overview of Usage**
- Navigate to examples/ or examples_onnx/ (for **ONNX** usage on Linux)
- Execute platform-specific build script
- Configure dynamic library path
- Run demo with sample audio s0724-s0730.wav
- Processed results saved to out.txt
The detailed usage methods of each platform are as follows
#### **1. Linux**
##### **Requirements**
- Clang (e.g. 6.0.0-1ubuntu2 verified)
- CMake
- Terminal
Note that if you did not install **libc++1**, you have to run the code below to install it:
```
sudo apt update
sudo apt install libc++1
```
##### **Usage (prebuilt-lib)**
```
1) cd ./examples
2) ./build-and-deploy-linux.sh
```
##### **Usage (ONNX)**
You have to download the **onnxruntime** packages from the [microsoft official onnxruntime github website](https://github.com/microsoft/onnxruntime). Note that the version of onnxruntime must be higher than or equal to 1.17.1 (e.g. onnxruntime-linux-x64-1.17.1.tgz).
You can check the official **ONNX Runtime releases** from [this website](https://github.com/microsoft/onnxruntime/tags). And for example, to download version 1.17.1 (Linux x64), use [this link](https://github.com/microsoft/onnxruntime/releases/download/v1.17.1/onnxruntime-linux-x64-1.17.1.tgz). After extracting the compressed file, you'll find two important directories:`include/` - header files, `lib/` - library files
```
1) cd examples_onnx
2) ./build-and-deploy-linux.sh --ort-path /absolute/path/to/your/onnxruntime/root/dir
```
**Note 1**: If executing the onnx demo from a different directory than the one used when running build-and-deploy-linux.sh, ensure to create a symbolic link to src/onnx_model/ to prevent ONNX model file loading failures.
**Note 2**: The **ONNX model** locates in `src/onnx_model` directory.
**Note 3**: For ONNX example builds see [examples_onnx/README.md](/examples_onnx/README.md).
#### **2. Windows**
##### **Requirements**
- Visual Studio (2017, 2019, 2022 verified)
- CMake (3.26.0-rc6 verified)
- Terminal (MINGW64 or powershell)
##### **Usage**
```
1) cd ./examples
2) Configure "build-and-deploy-windows.bat" with your preferred:
- Architecture (default: x64)
- Visual Studio version (default: 2019)
3) ./build-and-deploy-windows.bat
```
#### **3. macOS**
##### **Requirements**
- Xcode (15.2 verified)
- CMake (3.19.2 verified)
##### **Usage**
```
1) cd ./examples
2) Configure "build-and-deploy-mac.sh" with your target architecture:
- Default: arm64 (Apple Silicon)
- Alternative: x86_64 (Intel)
3) ./build-and-deploy-mac.sh
```
#### **4. Android**
##### **Requirements**
- NDK (r25b, macOS verified)
- CMake (3.19.2, macOS verified)
- adb (1.0.41, macOS verified)
##### **Usage**
```
1) cd ./examples
2) export ANDROID_NDK=/path/to/android-ndk # Replace it with your NDK installation path
3) Configure "build-and-deploy-android.sh" with your build settings:
- Architecture: arm64-v8a (default) or armeabi-v7a
- Toolchain: aarch64-linux-android-clang (default) or custom NDK toolchain
4) ./build-and-deploy-android.sh
```
#### **5. iOS**
##### **Requirements**
Xcode (15.2, macOS verified)
CMake (3.19.2, macOS verified)
##### **Usage**
1. Enter examples directory
```
cd ./examples
```
2. Creates Xcode project files for iOS build
```
./build-and-deploy-ios.sh
```
3. Follow the steps below to build and test on iOS device:
3.1. Use Xcode to open .xcodeproj files: a) cd ./build-ios, b) open ./ten_vad_demo.xcodeproj
3.2. In Xcode IDE, select ten_vad_demo target (should check: Edit Scheme β Run β Release), then select your iOS Device (not simulator).

3.3. Drag ten_vad/lib/iOS/ten_vad.framework to "Frameworks, Libraries, and Embedded Content"
- (in TARGETS β ten_vad_demo β ten_vad_demo β General, should set Embed to "Embed & Sign").
- or add it directly in this way: "Frameworks, Libraries, and Embedded Content" β "+" β Add Other... β Add Files β...
- Note: If this step is not completed, you may encounter the following runtime error: "dyld: Library not loaded: @rpath/ten_vad.framework/ten_vad".

3.4. Configure iOS device Signature
- in TARGETS β ten_vad_demo β Signing & Capabilities β Signing
- Modify Bundle Identifier: modify "com.yourcompany" to yours;
- Specify Provisioning Profile
- In TARGETS β ten_vad_demo β Build Settings β Signing β Code Signing Identity:
- Specify your Certification
3.5. Build in Xcode and run demo on your device.
## TEN Ecosystem
| Project | Preview |
| ------- | ------- |
| [**οΈTEN Framework**][ten-framework-link]
Open-source framework for conversational AI Agents.
![][ten-framework-shield] | ![][ten-framework-banner] |
| [**TEN VAD**][ten-vad-link]
Low-latency, lightweight and high-performance streaming voice activity detector (VAD).
![][ten-vad-shield] | ![][ten-vad-banner] |
| [**οΈ TEN Turn Detection**][ten-turn-detection-link]
TEN Turn Detection enables full-duplex dialogue communication.
![][ten-turn-detection-shield] | ![][ten-turn-detection-banner] |
| [**TEN Agent Examples**][ten-agent-example-link]
Usecases powered by TEN.
| ![][ten-agent-example-banner] |
| [**TEN Portal**][ten-portal-link]
The official site of the TEN Framework with documentation and a blog.
![][ten-portal-shield] | ![][ten-portal-banner] |
## Ask Questions
TEN VAD is available on these AI-powered Q&A platforms. They can help you find answers quickly and accurately in multiple languages, covering everything from basic setup to advanced implementation details.
| Service | Link |
| ------- | ---- |
| DeepWiki | [](https://deepwiki.com/TEN-framework/TEN-vad) |
| ReadmeX | [](https://readmex.com/TEN-framework/ten-vad) |
## **Citations**
```
@misc{TEN VAD,
author = {TEN Team},
title = {TEN VAD: A Low-Latency, Lightweight and High-Performance Streaming Voice Activity Detector (VAD)},
year = {2025},
publisher = {GitHub},
journal = {GitHub repository},
howpublished = {https://github.com/TEN-framework/ten-vad.git},
email = {developer@ten.ai}
}
```
## License
This project is licensed pursuant to the Apache 2.0 with additional conditions. Refer to the "LICENSE" file in the root directory for detailed information. Note that `pitch_est.cc` contains modified code derived from [LPCNet](https://github.com/xiph/LPCNet), which is [BSD-2-Clause](https://spdx.org/licenses/BSD-2-Clause.html) and [BSD-3-Clause](https://spdx.org/licenses/BSD-3-Clause.html) licensed, refer to the NOTICES file in the root directory for detailed information.
[back-to-top]: https://img.shields.io/badge/-Back_to_top-gray?style=flat-square
[ten-framework-shield]: https://img.shields.io/github/stars/ten-framework/ten_framework?color=ffcb47&labelColor=gray&style=flat-square&logo=github
[ten-framework-banner]: https://github.com/user-attachments/assets/2a560a74-68f3-4f4a-9ec8-89464c42a9c7
[ten-framework-link]: https://github.com/ten-framework/ten_framework
[ten-vad-link]: https://github.com/ten-framework/ten-vad
[ten-vad-shield]: https://img.shields.io/github/stars/ten-framework/ten-vad?color=ffcb47&labelColor=gray&style=flat-square&logo=github
[ten-vad-banner]: https://github.com/user-attachments/assets/e504135e-67fd-4fa1-b0e4-d495358d8aa5
[ten-turn-detection-link]: https://github.com/ten-framework/ten-turn-detection
[ten-turn-detection-shield]: https://img.shields.io/github/stars/ten-framework/ten-turn-detection?color=ffcb47&labelColor=gray&style=flat-square&logo=github
[ten-turn-detection-banner]: https://github.com/user-attachments/assets/c72d82cc-3667-496c-8bd6-3d194a91c452
[ten-agent-example-link]: https://github.com/TEN-framework/ten-framework/tree/main/ai_agents/agents/examples
[ten-agent-example-banner]:https://github.com/user-attachments/assets/7f735633-c7f6-4432-b6b4-d2a2977ca588
[ten-portal-link]: https://github.com/ten-framework/portal
[ten-portal-shield]: https://img.shields.io/github/stars/ten-framework/portal?color=ffcb47&labelColor=gray&style=flat-square&logo=github
[ten-portal-banner]: https://github.com/user-attachments/assets/f56c75b9-722c-4156-902d-ae98ce2b3b5e